Franz Kaspar Hesselbach (1759 – 1816). German physician, surgeon, and anatomist. Hesselbach was born in Bavaria in 1759. At the age of 19 he became an apprentice to Karl Von Siebold (1736 - 1807), a German surgeon, obstetrician and anatomist. He worked with him as an unpaid assistant for six years until 1789 when he was hired as a prosector.

Hesselbach became a lecturer on anatomy at the University of W?rzburg and a surgical assistant at the Juliusspital at W?rzburg. Later Hesselbach became a professor of Surgery at the same university.

 Hesselbach’s name is eponymically tied to many structures, most of them related to hernia, an area where he is best known. In 1806 he published a treatise on hernia (Anatomisch-chirurgische Abhandlung ?ber den Urspurng der Leistenbr?che) “Anatomical and surgical treatise on the origin of Hernias”. These structures are:

• Hesselbach’s fascia: the cribriform fascia covering the saphenous hiatus of the thigh
• Hesselbach’s  ligament: also known as the interfoveolar ligament
• Hesselbach’s triangle: site for direct inguinal hernia
• Hesselbach’s hernia: a femoral hernia protruding through the cribriform fascia

   Primary Image property of: CAA.Inc.
Artist: M. Zuptich.

In 1807 Hesselbach’s contributions were acknowledged and he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Surgery. During his life Hesselbach published several books, treatises, and papers.

A depiction of Hesselbach has not been found (yet) so we publish an image of his eponymic “triangle”. If you click on the image, you will see an original image from Hesselbach's book.

Sosurces:
1. "Franz Kaspar Hesselbach (1759–1816): Anatomist and Surgeon" R. Shane Tubbs et al W J Surg (2008) 32:11 2527-2529
2. "Groin Hernia Anatomical and Surgical History" McClusky DA, et al Arch Surg. 2006; 141(10):1035-1042
3. "Eponyms in groin surgery" Ellis, H. Surgery (Oxford) (2006) 24:8, 257–259
4. "Franz Kaspar Hasselbach (1759–1816)" Agarwal, AK; Mukherjee, R. Indian J. Surg (2008); 70:96–98

The word [version] comes from the Latin [versum / vertere] meaning "to turn" or "to turn around" (see the use of this Latin root in the word "vertebra"). In anatomy, version is the angulation (or turning) of an organ or a structure as a unit. The term is also used to denote the "turning" of a fetus "in utero"  by active manipulation to allow proper birth.

Normally, the cervix of the uterus is anteversed or has an "anterior version".  This means that the body and uterine cervix are tilted anteriorly (as a unit). Because of this in a female in the anatomical position, the fundus of the uterus looks almost anteriorly, while the main axis of the cervix points towards the coccyx. See the accompanying image.

The opposite, pathological presentation, is retroversion, where the uterus as a unit is tilted posteriorly. The angulation between the main axis of the uterine body and the main axis of the cervix is normal, but the organ as a unit is tilted posteriorly. Varying degrees of retroversion can cause varying degrees of infertility, a condition known vernacularly as a "slippery uterus".

  Images property of: CAA.Inc.Artist:Dr. E. Miranda

In modern terminology, the singular and plural form for the word is the same: [forceps], although there is an older plural form that is sometimes used: [forcipes]

According to Skinner (1970) the first forceps used in the medical arena were dental extraction forceps. The number of surgical forceps has increased over time. Today there are many types of forceps. Following are some of them:

• Thumb forceps: Tissue (toothed) or dressing (serrated) forceps

• Hemostatic forceps: Forceps designed for hemostasis and dissection. These usually have a locking mechanism and are of the ring-handle type

• Obstetrical forceps: Articulated forceps use to deliver a fetus

• Sponge forceps: Forceps to be used with swabs and sponges

• Specialty forceps: Forceps that have been especially designed for use on an organ or a specific step of a surgical procedure, such as hysterectomy forceps, tenacula, lung forceps, liver forceps, etc.

Sources:
1.  "The Origin of Medical Terms" Skinner 1970
2. Codman: Surgical Product Catalog 2000

The posterior communicating artery is a bilateral artery that communicates the internal carotid artery with the posterior cerebral artery. This creates an anastomosis between the vascular arterial territory of the vertebral artery and that of the internal carotid artery, completing the arterial circle of Willis.

The posterior communicating artery has high variability in its diameter, which can be thin or extremely thick, including the fact that you can find a thin one on one side of the brain and a thick one contralaterally. It is one of the sites for intracranial aneurysm. For more information on the anatomical variations of the posterior communicating artery click here.

The root term [-cost-] arises from the Latin [costa / costalis] meaning "rib". First used by Galen, this root term is used in medical words such as:

• Costochondral: A combination of root terms, adding [-chondr-] meaning "cartilage". Refers to the joint between the bony rib and its cartilage
• Costal margin: Refers to the lower anterior margin of the thorax formed by the cartilage of ribs 7 through 10
• Intercostal: The prefix [inter-] means "between". Between ribs
• Subcostal: The prefix [sub-] means "below". Below the rib
• Costovertebral joint: A joint between the head of a rib(s) and a vertebra(e)
• Costotransverse joint: A joint between the articular portion of the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of a vertebra

The root term [-chondr-] arises from the Greek [χόνδρος] or [chondros] meaning "cartilage" or "gristle". The Latin equivalent is [cartilago] giving us the synonymous root term [-cartilag-]. This root term is used in medical words such as:

• Chondroma: The suffix [-oma] means "tumor" or "mass". A cartilaginous tumor. Pl. Chondromata
• Chondroitin: A gelatinous substance obtained by boiling cartilage.
• Chondrosternal: A rib joint between the costal cartilage and the sternum.
• Chondrochondral: A joint in the thorax between two costal cartilages.