Medical Terminology Daily (MTD) is a blog sponsored by Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. as a service to the medical community. We post anatomical, medical or surgical terms, their meaning and usage, as well as biographical notes on anatomists, surgeons, and researchers through the ages. Be warned that some of the images used depict human anatomical specimens.

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A Moment in History

Jean-Louis Petit

Jean Louis Petit
(1674 – 1750)

French surgeon and anatomist, Jean Louis Petit was born in Paris in on March 13, 1674.  His family rented an apartment at his house to Alexis Littre (1658 – 1726), a French anatomist. Petit became an apprentice of Littre at seven years of age, helping him in the dissections for his lectures and at an early age became the assistant in charge of the anatomic amphitheater.

Because of Petit’s dedication to anatomy and medicine, in 1690 at the age of sixteen, became a disciple of a famous Paris surgeon, Castel.

In 1692, Petit entered the French army and performed surgery in two military campaigns. By 1693 he started delivering lectures and was accepted as a great surgeon, being invited to the most difficult operations.  In 1700 he was appointed Chief Surgeon of the Military School in Paris and in the same year he received the degree of Master of Surgery from the Faculty of Paris.

In 1715 he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of the Royal Society of London. He was appointed by the King as the first Director General of the Royal Academy of Surgery when it was founded in 1731.

Petit’s written works are of historical importance.  “Traite des Maladies des Os” ( A Treatise on Bone Diseases);  “Traite des Maladies Chirurgicales et des Operation” (A Treatise on Surgical Diseases and their Operations” This last book was published posthumously in 1774. He also published a monograph on hemorrhage, another on lachrymal fistula, and others.

He was one of the first to perform choIecystotomy and mastoidotomy. His original tourniquet design for amputations saved many in the battlefield and the design of the same surgical instrument today has not changed much since its invention by him.

His name is remembered in the lumbar triangle, also called the "triangle of Petit", and the abdominal hernia that can ensue through that area of weakness, the lumbar hernia or "Petit's hernia".

Sources:
1. “Jean Louis Petit – A Sketch of his Life, Character, and Writings” Hayne, AP San Fran Western Lancet 1875 4: 446-454
2. “Oeuvres compl?tes de Jean-Louis Petit” 1837 Imprimerie de F. Chapoulaud
3. Extraits de l'eloge de Jean-Louis Petit Ius dans Ia seance publique de I' Academie royale de chirurgie du 26 mai 1750” Louis A. Chirurgie 2001: 126 : 475- 81


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The Ephraim McDowell House and Museum (2)

This article is part of the series "A Moment in History" where we honor those who have contributed to the growth of medical knowledge in the areas of anatomy, medicine, surgery, and medical research.

This is the continuation of the article “The Ephraim McDowell House and Museum (1)

The first room we visited from the foyer was the library. Antique furniture, elegant oil lamps and in wooden built-in-the-wall shelfs an incredible collection of antique books from the 1700-1900’s covering everything from medicine and surgery to history, philosophy and poetry. One of the shelves pictured here had mostly medical books.

As a book collector I was so tempted to touch, open, and read some of the books, but they are only for display. I could recognize some of the books as items that I would like to own and place in my library. The docent explained that, as the custom of the times, the library was the place for men to meet, smoke, read, share a bourbon, and discuss the events and politics of the day.

The next room was the music room. Dr. McDowell played the violin while his wife played the piano, both on display as well as other antique instruments donated to the museum. Antique furniture and over the fireplace mantle two whale oil lamps. There are family portraits all over the house. One can almost imagine the life of the times…

One of the library book shelvesOne of the library book shelves

More books in the music room More books in the music room

The music room
The music room 

Interestingly, there is a large wooden door that opens from the foyer to the patio. The guide explained that it was a “casket door” so that people who died in the house could be taken through the door to the back of the house and not through the front door.

A wooden staircase leads to the second floor, where there is a  small bedroom that was for the children. Because of the number of children, they had to sleep two or three to a bed. There is furniture, antique bedspreads, bedpans (there were no bathrooms in the house), even some toys, dolls, and chalk tablets.


The kids room

The master bedroom
The master bedroom

The master bedroom is also on the second floor. Larger and more spacious, it was the place where women would get together to talk, knit and quilt. On the mantelpiece there is a family sword.

The next room is the “operating room” where history was made on Christmas Day, 1809.

This article continues here.